Being open-source, Linux comes in hundreds of variations by different vendors. There are however several base distributions that all of the variations are derived from. Some of the more ones popular are, RHEL(Red Hat Enterprise Linux), Fedora, Debian, Gentoo and Mandriva. The distros that we are used to - the likes of Ubuntu, CentOS, and openSUSE are based on one of the base distros such as RHEL. For example, CentOS is a (free) derivative of RHEL. Ubuntu is a Debian based distribution.
The point of having so many distros to choose from is that each one is specialized in some way or other. Ubuntu and openSUSE for example cater towards personal use while the likes of CentOS (Community ENTerprise OS) are geared more towards use in an enterprise environment. For example, the Ubuntu desktop edition features a rich set of graphical tools to make life easier for a layman, while CentOS which has minimal 'frills' includes apache2 web server and other useful applications built into its core installation.
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